Should Marijuana Be Legal For Medical And Recreational Use

Do you know what number of individuals have passed away from weed? None, however, you know about individuals passing on from tobacco and liquor practically consistently. Why is liquor and tobacco lawful while weed is not? Humorously, cannabis is far less risky than both. I might want to convince you on why pot ought to be lawful. It has numerous awesome reasons for existing, it s a hurtful medication, and how the economy would be a ton better if marijuana was lawful. Today we will discuss why weed needs to be legal for medical and recreational use, how weed is a harmless medication and not addicting, and how lives would be better if weed was lawful and how the economy would be better if weed was legitimate. A great many people in today s public recognize what weed is, however numerous judge it in view of what has been listened. Well often the things you hear are not generally valid. For example, everybody has heard pot is terrible for you and to never do it. Clearly that is not genuine on the grounds that why might 20 states be battling to make weed legitimate, I ll tell you. Marijuana can be used for a great deal of restorative uses, certain logical studies have demonstrated that THC, the fundamental fixing in pot, keeps a protein from framing Alzheimer Plaques in the mind superior to anything promoted drugs. Cannabis has been utilized to treat glaucoma for a long time, if not hundreds of years. The American Academy of Ophthalmology compresses various studiesShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?972 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana Legalization For thousands of years, marijuana has been used for a myriad of purposes ranging from medical use to recreational use. Although small steps are being for marijuana legalization across the country, there is still a long way to go. Some folks argue that marijuana is a gateway drug and impairs judgement, causing people to act recklessly. However, extensive studies have been conducted on the effects, risks, and benefits of marijuana, and have proven marijuana to be safer thanRead MoreEssay Astonishing Statistics of Marijuana Use in Minors1539 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion Americans ages 12 and over have reported to using marijuana at least once within the previous year. That number alone is an astonishing statistic on marijuana users. Although marijuana has been a drug with increasing popularity especially throughout the past couple of years due to the legalization in some states. In November of 2012 history was made when Washington and Colorado both legalized marijuana for recreatio nal use. Although marijuana is considered to be a Schedule 1 drug, which means itRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?997 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It: The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Should marijuana be legalized? Many Americans have been asked this question or have heard some type of news about the issue. Marijuana is commonly known as cannabis which refers to the dried up hemp plant cannabis sativa, even though marijuana is a plant and has no chemical additives it has been a tropic of controversy for many years but nowadays it is in the spotlight more than ever. For centuries, marijuana has been used by people throughout theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1456 Words   |  6 PagesPossession and use of marijuana is illegal in over half of the United States, but it is still the third most popular recreational drug in the United States. The debate for this drug to be legal has been going on for many years; some states have legalized the drug for medical use, and some for recreational use as well. Other states seem to disagree; they are not in favor of making the drug legal for medical use or recreational use. It has been proven that marijuana has a posi tive impact on societyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1269 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is most commercialized drug in the world, so why not just legalize it? Although there are legal restraints against marijuana, 1 in 3 Americans have tried it, out of curiosity at least once. Multiple studies have proven that, marijuana is psychologically and physically healing. Medical marijuana should be legalized for its beneficial advantages, such as, treating or preventing health conditions, increases in tax revenues, and improvements in our communities. Marijuana, mostRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization996 Words   |  4 Pagesproductive to say the least. For example, Denver Colorado is on track to more than triple the marijuana tax revenue this year alone. $44 million was collected in 2014. In July 2015, 73.5 million was collected, while 19.6 million went to schools. A place such as Chicago could really use the legalization to help with the school system infrastructure issues they have. With a deficit of over 1.1 billion marijuana sales could alleviate both the conditions of schools themselves, as well as provide moreRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Legalization Of Marijuana715 Words   |  3 PagesMarijuana legalization is a controversial subject with many different problems and solutions. Marijuana has benefits and disadvantages to using it (and many viewpoints on said pros and cons) so one person cannot be the only authority on the subject. Marijuana could possibly be used as a medicine, and although legalizi ng marijuana could have some benefits, the action could have serious repercussions. The legalization of medical marijuana could have positive benefits to the United States governmentRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages Legalizing marijuana has been an ongoing discussion in the united states for many years. Many people think there is no good way to use, while other people believe it could be a helpful medical treatment. Recreational use is what makes this drug a problem. Many people use this drug for non-medical purposes causing it to become a cash crop drug. Marijuana should be legal for medical purposes only. If it was made legal for medical purposes it could help many people who have diseases that can be curedRead MoreArgumentative Essay : The Legalization Of Marijuana1293 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay: The Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Should we legalize marijuana? That is an excellent question. First, we must explore the history of Cannabis. Cannabis was introduced to the United States in the 1600’s, first encouraged by the federal government for domestic hemp production, cannabis soon became a required crop for farmers to grow. Hemp was recognized for its medical benefits and was the main fiber used in industrial textiles. Marijuana thrived until the early 1900’sRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1363 Words   |  6 PagesCREDIT PAPER This video I watched â€Å"Should Pot be Legal?†, brought up some really good points about the legalization of marijuana and it showed both sides of the argument. There was two people back and forth debating if marijuana should be legal or illegal. Hutchinson was against legalizing marijuana and Ethan Nadelmann was for legalizing marijuana. As it goes for me I agree with Ethan Nadelmann, I think that medical marijuana should definitely be legal and people should be regulating it. A great point

Cultural Competency Improves the Quality of Health Care

Cultural competency is incredibly important to reducing health situations and improving access to good quality health care, health care that is imperative to the needs of diverse patients. â€Å"Cultural competence gives systems, agencies, and groups of professionals a chance to function effectively to understand the needs of groups accessing health information and health care in an inclusive partnership where the provider and the user of the information meet on common ground.†(NIH, 2013). Cultural competence benefits consumers, stakeholders, and communities and supports positive health outcomes. Since there are many elements that can influence health communication, including behaviors, and language, cultural competence is inevitable in order to get what you want in the classroom. Planning poorly in the classroom, planning that is ignorant to principles of cultural competence may yield false and biased results. As for the continuum, I am an immigrant here in the United States myself. I attended one of the most diverse elementary schools as a child. At McKinley Elementary there were equal students of all ethnicities and races. I shared classrooms with Caucasians, Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, Arabs, and we even had Indians and Pacific islanders. We were all treated equally from a diverse staff as well, I remember having two Asian teachers, and African American teacher, and other Hispanic teachers. I definitely grew up in a diverse environment where equality was allShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Culture On Health Care1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthe health care disparities. Consequently, it is essential that health care organizations improve its cultural competency. Overall, the increased diversity in the population and the documented health care disparities have made cultural competency essential in order, to ensure that every patient receives quality health care services (Haynes, 20 16). The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of culture on health care. Define the Role of Cultural Awareness in the Management of Health CareRead MoreA Culturally Competent Health Care System1586 Words   |  7 PagesCultural competency is a set of appropriate behaviours, attitudes and policies among professionals and enables them to work efficiently in cross-cultural situations (NCCC, 2006). A culturally competent health care system can eliminate cultural inequities, provide greater quality of care, and have less patient dissatisfaction and more positive health consequences. A conclusion reached in a study (Palafox et al., 2002) states, culture influences the outcome of medical examination and; therefore, itRead MoreDiversification Continues To Rise In The United States1626 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation health. Additionally, health disparities are growing and impacting the health care field. Cultural competency and communication across language barriers are influential in producing quality care for socioeconomically challenged minorities. However, educational attainment and health literacy are the most influential factors for minorities’ well-being. Better quality of care for minorities ultimately results in an improvement in population health. Keywords: health disparities, health literacyRead MoreNurse Practitioner Core Competencies And Professional Organizations1380 Words   |  6 Pagespractice core competencies (Duller, 2013, p .71). Nurse practitioner core competencies integrate and build upon existing Masters and DNP core competencies and are guidelines for educational programs preparing NPs to implement the full scope of practice as a licensed independent practitioner ( NONPF, 2011). By interviewing an advanced nurse practitioner, I will be able to discuss the nine nurse practitioner core competencies and how they relate to APN practice. NONPF Core Competencies The first competencyRead MoreConcept Usage And Professional Practice Model805 Words   |  4 Pagesclinic provides an organizational definition. The Marshfield clinic care team work hard to become your health care choice. This is achieved through affordable, valuable health care diminishing the weight of illness, and disability of your family and the community. (Marshfield Clinic, 2015). According to the Marshfield clinic (2015), â€Å"The mission of Marshfield clinic is to serve patients through accessible, high quality health care, research and education† (para 1.) The vision statement of the MarshfieldRead MoreThe Importance Of Cultural Competency On A Healthcare Organization1021 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Culture Competency in a Healthcare Organization The information in this paper is based on interviews from two executives, research, and personal experiences. Further it will define cultural competency and provide the viewpoints from two executive level employees on the importance of developing a culturally competent environment for their patients and staff in the healthcare setting. Cultural competency from the health care perspective is defined according to † (Betancourt, J.R.Read MoreCommunication, Culture, Poverty, And Any Other Identified Factors Act1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are numerous cultures in the world that can affect the delivery of health care services and/or the overall health of the global population. Overall, global health is improving the health and achieving equity in health for every individual worldwide (Wilson et al., 2014). The purpose of this paper is to identify how education, culture, poverty, and any other identified factors act in concert to induce barriers in global health. Identify the relative impact of each to healthcare barriers, and howRead MoreCultural Competency For A Nursing1619 Words   |  7 PagesCultural competency is extremely indispensable in nursing practice so that nurses can provide optimal care for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, insufficient knowledge and skills of cultural competency has continued to increase racial and ethnic inequalities in healthcare services especially for minority groups (Dunagan et al. 2013; Long, 2012). As Nurses interact with clients they provide care, education and advocacy at any point in need. Cultural awareness provides the basesRead MoreHow Health Services Can Provide Culturally Safe Care1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthat maternity care based on principles of Western models of health care have not been able to improve maternal or perinatal outcomes and Molly Wardaguga, an Aboriginal health worker and respected elder, states that inappropriate maternity care is responsible for the soc ial dysfunction and loss of culture often seen in Indigenous communities (Kildea, 2006). Until this day Indigenous women have not had their voices heard or their knowledge recognised (Kildea, 2006). In order to improve maternal andRead MorePatient Centered Care : An Essential Aspiration Of High Quality Health Care Systems1325 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In recent years, the concept of patient-centered care has become a goal in itself and a tool for enhancing health outcomes for patients. If patient-centered care is properly implemented, it can have a huge impact in the health care profession. Due to the increased attention on improving the health care system, patient-centered care is an essential aspiration of high-quality health care systems. The physician-patient relationship remains an integral part of the healthcare system but

Womenof Brester Place Essay Example For Students

Womenof Brester Place Essay (Introduction): Throughout her novel, The Women of Brewster Place, Ms. Naylor emphasizes the importance of sister hood by showing how the women are strengthened by their relationships with one another and proving that men are not necessary to their survival or happiness. Thesis: The strengthening of women through other women is illustrated by Matties role as a daughter to Miss Eva, a sister to Etta Mae, and a mother to Lucielia. PARA 2: Miss Eva Turner plays a vital role in Matties life by taking her in during her loneliness and destitution and treating Mattie and Basil as if they are her own family. PARA 3: The sisterhood between Mattie and Etta Mae is illustrated by each womans willingness to help the other in through their most trying times. PARA 4: ConclusionGloria Naylors book, The Women of Brewster Place, focuses on seven black female residents of Brewster Place. As they cope with living in a racist and sexist society, they encounter further abuse from their own husbands, lovers, and children. Mattie Michael brings love and special attention to the lives of Ms. Eva, Etta Mae, and Luceilia. She becomes the anchor for these women of Brewster Place (Gottlieb p.1483). Mattie Michael has lost her home to her much loved, but errant son, but becomes the backbone of this community of women(Aull, 2). Each woman learned to grow stronger emotionally, to lean more towards sister hood, and to strive for self-improvement. Mattie is a second mother figure to Lucielia. Mattie replaced Ms. Eva. Ever since Lucielia moved to Brewster Place, Mattie showed concern for her in a motherly fashion. Abandoned by her man in a time of suffering, Lucielia gains determination to survive her time of tribulation. The death of Lucielias daughter was devastating to her. After the death of her daughter, Lucielia gave up the will to live until Matties intervention. Lucielia was literally dying of grief and rage. It is Matties intervention and her ability to place Lucielias grief in a historical context and to know it as one more instance of murdered dreams in a long history of such murders that undergirds her life saving and healing intervention (Aull, 2) Mattie healed and renewed Lucielia physically and mentally. Mattie magnificently wrestles Ciel, dying of grief, back to life (Gottlieb p.1484). Mattie took on the role of a mother when she nursed Lucielia back to health. Mattie treated and nursed Lucielia as if handling a newborn(Naylor, 104). Matties relationship with Basil teaches her valuable lessons that help her to be a more effective mother figure to Lucielia. Matties mistake with Basil is she used him to fill a void. She loved the fact that he was solely dependent on her. My Bed hasnt been empty since Basil was born (38). Mattie spoiled Basil to the point he would always have to have his way. He knew his mother would always be there for him. Because of that, he took advantage of her. It was hard for Mattie to watch the turmoil and sadness Lucielia had to encounter in her love life. It was like watching her child suffer. However, Mattie wasnt going to make the same mistake she made with Basil. Mattie let Lucielia take control of her own life. She never told her what to do. She just listened and gave her support her. Lucielia questioned Matties approval of her. Mattie shot back a loving but uninvolved answer, Its your life, honey (91). When Basil was in trouble with the law, Mattie did everything she possibly could to help him. Mattie mortgaged her home to pay his bail only to be betrayed by her beloved son, who jumps bail and skips town, leaving g his mother heartbroken and destitute (Hairston 1484). Miss Eva Turner plays a vital role in Matties life by taking her in during her loneliness and destitut ion and treating Mattie and Basil as if they are a part of her own family. When Mattie first meets Miss Eva, she and her son are homeless and Mattie is at the end of her rope. Mattie, a single young mother, had been living alone with her son in a boarding home and working a minimum wage job to make ends meet. When she wakes up one night to find Basil, her son, crying and bleeding from a rat bite, Mattie leaves the run down apartment with her son and all her belongings, determined to find somewhere permissible to live. Mattie comes across Miss Eva just as she is deciding to give up her search and take a bus back home to her parents. In her disarray she circles Miss Evas block twice and is startled when Miss Eva calls out asking Where is she heading with that pretty red baby (Naylor, 30). Miss Eva shows concern for Mattie even in the very first moments of their time together. She is able to read the confusion and weariness in young Matties face and she immediately offers her assistanc e. Mattie is somewhat startled by Miss Evas appearance and forwardness. Miss Eva is an old woman with European features, yellow skin with watery blue eyes, but she speaks with a black voice. Her many inquiries about Matties circumstance cause Mattie to ponder the womans intentions and she acts rather awkward towards her. However Miss Eva, underneath her overbearing manner, is kindhearted and generous and she recognizes Matties present need. Miss Eva looks at the way Mattie holds her child and she understands (3). The old woman realizes that Mattie is young, alone, and at that moment, homeless. She reaches out to Mattie and eventually extends to her an invitation to stay in her home for the night. Mattie accepts the invitation and immediately Miss Evas motherly treatment of Mattie and Basil begins. As they are entering the house Miss Eva takes Basil from Mattie and coos and talks to the baby and Mattie as if she has known them for years (32). The entire night she refers to Mattie as child and handles the Baby as if he were one of her own. She prepares a home cooked meal of pot roast, oven-browned potatoes, and string beans for Mattie and she insists on feeding the baby while Mattie enjoys the meal. Miss Eva offers to let Mattie live in her home for as long as she likes for no charge and she willingly accepts the company of Basil for her granddaughter. Mattie, who has grown to be untrusting because of her past experiences, eventually finds herself opening up to this woman whom she just met. Miss Evas compassion is a sudden relief that comes just in time for Mattie. For the first time in a several months Mattie is not alone and she has someone with whom she can share her life, her thoughts, and her struggles. Miss Eva too is pleased by the newfound companionship and together the women begin to reveal their lives to one another. In the abashed fashion of the old, Miss Eva unfolded her own life to Mattie, and without realizing she was being questioned, Mattie found herself talking about things that she had buried within in her. The young black women and the old yellow woman sat in the kitchen talking for hours, blending their lives so that what lay behind one and ahead of the other became indistinguishable (34)In the short time that the women spend together that night, they form a lasting bond that is superior that of any friendship. In the time that follows Mattie grows to accept and love Miss Eva as a mother figure to her and her son.

Technology Vs. Culture Essays - Technology, Technological Change

Technology Vs. Culture Technology and Culture have both influenced each other equally. Technology has been directed as an improvement in our lives, but on the other hand, Culture has been present in every invention, noticeable or not, and advancement in our evolving society. Technology is becoming focused upon more and more everyday, but culture is the determining factor that decides if there is a necessity for an improvement. There are endless views and perspectives that this situation can be viewed from, but without a doubt, Technology and Culture shape one another. Culture has been a part of our society, and way of life, forever. It is almost impossible to come up with an idea that isn't influenced by culture. Picture our lives without cars, television, and computers. This would be an example of everyday life without technology. People could function happily in that type of atmosphere, but technology has changed our lives forever. Technology has changed our pace and perspective on education. Students would have to go to libraries and spend a lot of time researching to find out information for class assignments, but with technology students can find almost anything on there home computers and by accessing the internet. Technology has definitely become the authoritative factor in our lives, but culture has shaped technology. Technology is made and used in such a variety of ways because many people who use the technology of today come from all walks of life and have different necessities, so to compensate for that technology must adapt to all different cultures. Technology

To Kill A Mockingbird Theme essays

To Kill A Mockingbird Theme essays I find it very ironic how some people get away with actions that are wrong or different. Although times have changed and always will in the future, their are many situations that call for the rules or laws to be bent. Personally, I come across these situations daily and still say, Thats not fair! and Why do they get to get away with that? After thinking it over a while, I usually conclude that its probably for the better, even though others dont agree. Lees To Kill A Mockingbird also shows us some examples. At school, Scout and Miss Caroline meet Burris Ewell. Burris is obviously a troublemaker and causes Miss Caroline much distress. He ends up walking out of school on the first day. This did not alarm the most of the students because most of them knew about the Ewells situation. That night, Atticus explained to Scout that the Ewells had never done as honest days work. The truant officer said that after they were on roll the first day that she had done her job. Atticus said that its silly to force someone into a new environment and in this case, its better to bend the law. This idea of bending the law also applies to one of Boos situations. On Halloween night, a pageant was held instead of the usually festivities. Just about everyone in town was present, including Scout dressed as a ham. After the event was over, Atticus allowed Jem and Scout to walk home through the forest alone. As they were making their way through, they were attacked by a person who turned out to by Bob Ewell. He attacked both the children, knocking Jem out. Then suddenly, a dark mysterious figure appeared and started to struggle with Bob Ewell. It was later confirmed that this unknown figure was in fact Boo Radley. Boo ended up Ewell by stabbing him, and then carrying Jem home to bed. When the sheriff and Atticus performed a primary investiga...

Free Essays on Tunguska Explosion

I recently read two pieces of literature that had to deal with the discoveries of the mysterious explosion in Tunguska. One article is â€Å"What Struck Tunguska?† by Stephen P. Maron. The other is â€Å"The Fire Came By† by John Baxter and Thomas Atkins. Both articles discuss various stories and theories accounting for what happened in Tunguska on June 30th in 1908. However, some articles have faulty and unsupported arguments in their essay The first essay I read was â€Å"What Struck Tunguska?† by Stephen P. Maron. The article was written in a scientific style. It used the process of trial and error of ideas to come to a conclusions about the Tunguska object that flew across the sky. The article took the ideas, theories and stories of what may have happened and tested them out. The first argument was in a report by a Siberian newspaper which said that witnesses saw a red hot meteorite fall. However, this report was false because when meteorites fall they are not red- hot but instead cold and covered in frost. The second argument is that the Tunguska object was a comet and exploded deep within the earth. Nevertheless, comets are extremely fragile and often break up in space. Therefore, if the object was a comet it would not have exploded deep within the earth. There is only one explanation in Maron’s essay that will explain the explosion. The best possible cause of the Tunguska explosion was a theory derived by chemist Ramachandran Ganapathy. He argued that the traces of the shattered object were dispersed around the globe by atmospheric currents. There were high levels of iridium found in Antarctica, which is usually the result of a small stony meteorite. Therefore, Ramachandran Ganapathy’s findings are the strongest case thus far that the Tunguska object was a small stony asteroid. Besides Stephen P. Maron’s article being argumentative and thorough, it gave an objective discussion of all relatively reasonable possible exp... Free Essays on Tunguska Explosion Free Essays on Tunguska Explosion I recently read two pieces of literature that had to deal with the discoveries of the mysterious explosion in Tunguska. One article is â€Å"What Struck Tunguska?† by Stephen P. Maron. The other is â€Å"The Fire Came By† by John Baxter and Thomas Atkins. Both articles discuss various stories and theories accounting for what happened in Tunguska on June 30th in 1908. However, some articles have faulty and unsupported arguments in their essay The first essay I read was â€Å"What Struck Tunguska?† by Stephen P. Maron. The article was written in a scientific style. It used the process of trial and error of ideas to come to a conclusions about the Tunguska object that flew across the sky. The article took the ideas, theories and stories of what may have happened and tested them out. The first argument was in a report by a Siberian newspaper which said that witnesses saw a red hot meteorite fall. However, this report was false because when meteorites fall they are not red- hot but instead cold and covered in frost. The second argument is that the Tunguska object was a comet and exploded deep within the earth. Nevertheless, comets are extremely fragile and often break up in space. Therefore, if the object was a comet it would not have exploded deep within the earth. There is only one explanation in Maron’s essay that will explain the explosion. The best possible cause of the Tunguska explosion was a theory derived by chemist Ramachandran Ganapathy. He argued that the traces of the shattered object were dispersed around the globe by atmospheric currents. There were high levels of iridium found in Antarctica, which is usually the result of a small stony meteorite. Therefore, Ramachandran Ganapathy’s findings are the strongest case thus far that the Tunguska object was a small stony asteroid. Besides Stephen P. Maron’s article being argumentative and thorough, it gave an objective discussion of all relatively reasonable possible exp...

Edit the essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edit the - Essay Example Adolescent girls today face a lot of confusion on dating and relationships, which was not experienced by young women in earlier generations. The older women today when they were growing up not allowed involving themselves in any sexual activity as it was taboo in most of the communities for girls to associate with boys at that tender age. This was advantageous to the girls since they eased away from the confusion about dating and pre-marital sex, which is now the biggest source of frustration for the teenagers. The teen girls disclosed that after their bodies have changed and have started to mature, they do experience the desire for affection toward men. As a result most of them engage in premature relationships where they end up being hurt since they usually lead to break-ups. Others end up being pregnant and they find a lot of frustration about the state of their bodies, which they never expected. Since at this age they do not have adequate education on sexuality and are not prepar ed psychologically, physically and financially to have a baby, they end up being depressed. The consequences of this is abortions and babies being born and thrown away or even sold to people with bad motives. All these problems of relationships and sexuality make it difficult for the young girls to maneuver smoothly through this stage of adolescence .Some of the immature adolescence have ended up in the hands of wrong people. Such wrong people have done evil things to them, like cold murder, robbing and even raping them. Such cases been reported in many instances, people like criminals have taken advantages for them luring them with cheap gifts and ends up doing to them all those evils. In the past, young women tended to move from childhood to adulthood directly, and marriage, done at an early age, this acted as the turning point. After marriage, the woman adopted all adult responsibilities and would start her household immediately. The situation today has

The Different Models of Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Different Models of Disability - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that two of the most prominent models of disability are the medical and social models. These models have been greeted with great skepticism in that they are thought of as being less reflective of the dynamics of disability in the real world. Additionally, they are thought of as being restrictive in nature in that they force individuals to perceive disability in a predefined and very rigid manner. These models, however, to prove to be helpful in that they establish a framework which can be utilized as a means of enabling individuals to gain an intimate understanding of the issues related to disability and the perspective of those who conceive the models as well as the institutions which utilize these models in policy setting initiatives. This report focuses on the obtaining an understanding of the different models of disability and its implications and ramifications. First and foremost, the Medical Model maintains that dis ability is the resultant of an underlying physical or mental limitation and is largely independent of social or geographical context. It is sometimes referred to as the Biological-Inferiority or Functional-Limitation Model. The most poignant conceptualization of this model can be seen in the definition as set forth by the World Health Organization (WHO) and devised through the contribution of several medical doctors. Under this conceptualization, a disability is defined as any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range that is considered normal for humans while impairment is defined as any or abnormality of psychological or anatomical structure or function. Additionally, a handicap is defined as any disadvantage experienced by an individual which results from an impairment or disability which limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that has become customary for that individual.

Portugal Essay Example for Free

Portugal Essay 1.0   Introduction This presentation provides an overview of geographical, historical and cultural aspects of the Portugal. This follows discusses on food patterns and food habits among the Portuguese, their typical meals and food etiquette, frequencies of dining and food taboos that do exist. Therapeutic effects of food eaten including wine and home or traditional remedies used that involve both food and herbs are keenly analyzed. Lastly, the major public holidays in Portugal are outlined and their associated meals that are served. 2.0   Geographical overview Portugal is situated at Southwest Europe; it is one of the westernmost countries in Europe. It borders Atlantic Oceans to the west and south. To the north and east it neighbors Spain. Portugal country covers an area of approximately 92,391 square kilometers. The land surface occupies approximately 91,951 squares kilometers with about ten million people. Portugal experiences maritime temperate type of climate. Its northern parts are cool and rainy while in the southern parts are warmer and little drier. Generally, it is one of the warmest European countries. The Portugal mainland is divided by river Tagus which is the main river in the country. It has a mountainous terrain to the north of Tagus River and gently rolling plains in the south (Lovel, 2008). 3.0   History and culture Portuguese is the official language used in the country. Also Mirandese language is used but locally. Portugal derived its name partly from Roman name ‘Cale’ and the city Porto.   The word Cale used to refer the region between river Douro and Minho. Cale actually referred to the early settlers at the mouth of river Douro. The word Cale or ‘Gal’ together with the city Porto formed the county’s name Portugal. In the early times, the land of Portugal was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts. Portugal managed to gain its independence after several conquests from invading kingdoms and claimed its present border. Later it held several explorations in the world that marked the Age of Discovery. Portuguese’s zeal for exploration was because of their long shoreline that presented a favorable environment of sailing skills, needs for accessing European markets and desire to make more conquests. By the end of firth century, Portuguese had explored regions as far as coast of Africa establishing many trading stations with various kingdoms. One of the most remarkable explorations is that of Vasco da Gama when he sailed through the Cape Town en route to India in 1498. In 1500 Portugal discovered Brazil and claimed to be its territory. Portuguese conquered several Asian nations of that time and became dominant in commerce around Indian Ocean and Atlantic regions. In 1st November 1755, Portugal capital city Lisbon was severely hit by earthquake that left thousands dead and part of the city destroyed. Also, in 1807 during the Napoleon war, French troops invaded Portugal for war that was called Peninsular war or French Invasion of Portugal that lasted close to a decade when British and Portuguese formed a coalition to flush out French troops. Portuguese dominance gradually started to decline especially when Brazil showed interest for independence. Brazil was Portugal’s largest colonial territory. By close of 19th Century, Portugal had lost control over South America and sought new territories in Africa. Portuguese Colonial rule in the world came to the end after their last overseas territory Macau gained its independence in 1999. Portugal was the founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) which was established by signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 (Kyler, Brandin and Ethan, 2002). The culture   of the Portuguese traces it root to the time of   Roman and Moorish invasion .As it has been found , these invasions did left   some cultural elements   which that are seen   in archeological remains. Basically, Portuguese culture has been influenced the Latin, the Visigoth and the Muslim culture. According to the Portuguese culture family is considered to be the basic unit in the society. A kinship network tie is so knit such that two or more generations can live in the same house. Even when men and women move to the urban areas they try as much as possible to be in touch with their relatives back at home. Normally women stay at home while men move out to make for a living. Traditionally, father is the head of the house and the breadwinner and the mother takes care of the family. However, presently the role of man is not highly regarded as to that of women. Portuguese elders are highly respected. Family loyalty prevails more than any other social relationship or even business. Portuguese have high sense of formality especially when dealing with each other. However, they are traditional and conservative. Their culture is one that respects the hierarchy because both society and business is highly stratified. The conformity to hierarchical relationship is amplified by both the Catholic Church and the family structure. People have high respect of authority to a point that they look to those above them for guidance and decision making. They also regard appearance very much especially in the cities. For this reason, people strive to wear good fabrics and clothes they can afford (http://www.portugal-live.net/UK/essential/culture.html, 2008). Etiquette and customs are highly held with great care. In the first time contact, first greetings are reserved though polite, which take form of handshake accompanied with direct eye contact plus appropriate greeting of the day. After acquaintance, greeting now proceeds to be more personal where men can greet each other with hugs and handshakes while women can kiss each other on each side of the check starting with the right one. Titles includes honorific titles such as ‘Senhora or senhor’ together with the sir name. Any university degree holder is usually referred to with honorific title with ‘doutour’ or ‘douttooura’ which is the word for doctor, together with or without the surname. It is always wise to use formal case than informal until your friend suggest otherwise. The etiquette for giving gifts requires that if you are invited for a dinner please carry flowers with you and do not give thirteen flowers as the number is considered unlucky. Red flowers are not given as they are considered to be symbol of revolution. It is cultural to open gifts after they have been received. The majority of Portuguese are Christians belonging to Roman Catholic religion. But there are other groups such as Islam, Protestantism and Judaism. 4.0   Food habits and patterns Portugal is considered to be one of the southern European countries that have Mediterranean dietary habits. This is type of the diet is a good example of nutritional habits that have evolved in North Atlantic countries. The term Mediterranean diet is not necessarily associated with idea of geographical region as such. This is because for instance Portugal is not in Mediterranean coast and yet it has the most typical Mediterranean dietary tradition among the European nations. The main characteristics of Mediterranean diet   includes,   high consumption of fruits and vegetables, widespread consumption of fish, use of olive oil in the diet and   tradition deep-frying as   a method of   cooking. These characteristics are common in different varieties of Mediterranean diet based on the role and importance of nutritional groups they play especially in Mediterranean countries.   In this diet, high consumption of vegetable and fruits provide high fiber intake practically pectin which is a soluble fiber. Besides this, plenty of fruits and vegetables provide high contents of beta-carotene, folic acid and vitamin C. Portugal is considered to have high intake of vitamin C in the European countries and the most of it comes from raw food intake. Portuguese are known to be passionate about their cuisine which is reflected by their nutritious diet. One of striking features of Portuguese food habits is use of wine. Portuguese wine is classic for its taste and quality that make them to be the best wine producers in the world. Because the country is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the south and west, fish is the main component of their diet. Fishes like caldeirada, sardines and cod together with their recipes are the main constitutes of their menu. They also make use of pork, beef, chicken and lamb in their diet. Commonly, these meats are used as add ons with sandwiches. Portuguese are also very well known because of their pastry art. There is wide used of spices such as chillli peppers, cinnamon, vanilla and saffron. It is a Portuguese habit not often to eat breakfast; instead prefer just a coffee and perhaps a bread roll. Hot meals are always preferred even during the summers (http://www.spain-recipes.com/mediterranean-diet-01.html, n.d). In Portugal there is diet transition from traditional food pattern characterized by high availability of principal carbohydrates to high consumption of protein foods. This shift in dietary pattern is prominent in urban areas which seem to be influenced by education level and urbanization. 4.1   Typical meals, frequency of dinning and food etiquette Portuguese breakfast is called pequeno-almaco in Portuguese language.   Their breakfast most of times consist of fresh bread, with butter, cheese or fruit preserves together with a strong coffee or milk.   Breakfast cereals and sweet pastries are very popular especially when eaten cold and mixed with milk, yoghurt and fruit. But more often they prefer a cup of coffee and at times a bread roll for breakfast. There are about four typical meals from meat namely: carne de porco a alentejane, leitao assado, bife de porcolde avaca, figa com arroz and feijaoada.Carne de porco a alentejane is a meal that is made up of pork with clams.Leitao assado is a type of meal that consists of roasted sucking pig while that of bife deporcolde avaca has pork or beef steak. Figado com arroz is a meal with liver and rice and for feijoada, it is a been stew with black pudding. There are various meals made of fish. Bacalhau which is a salted cod fish is very famous in the region. Also there are other popular   fish dishes such as lulas fritas which is a grilled squid,   bacalhau a bras being a cod with eggs   and potatoes , arroz de marisco, a seafood rice, pescada which is hake ,caldeirada , fish stew and lastly sardinhas assadas which is grilled sardines. Soups form part of every meal. The most popular of the soup is caldo verde which is a moderate thin potato puree and thinly chopped collard green and slice of pork sausage (chourico). In drinks, red, white and green wine forms the traditional Portuguese drink. Portuguese have three main meals in a day that is; breakfast, lunch and supper. However, in the course of the day there are numerous cups of black coffee that grace day’s work. They take breakfast early in the morning and have lunch around 1pm to 3pm. As a norm supper is eaten at around 8 pm. Everyone has to observe dinning etiquette. If one has been invited for diner he or she should not be late for more than fifteen minutes. But in a social gathering or in a party, this doesn’t apply. Dressing code is necessary. Portuguese have no much difference between business and social attire; nevertheless, one should not discus business matters in a social gathering. If by the time you turn up for an invitation you had not carried a flower, it is necessary to sent it the follow day to the hostess. Table manners are also formal in that once you get inside the dinning room you should remain standing until directed where to sit. Portuguese consider table manners to be Continental. You should hold the fork with left hand and knife with your right hand when eating. At no time should you start eating before you hear an expression from hostess saying ‘bom appettito’.   Never rest your elbow on the table. All foods must be eaten using the provided utensils including fruit and cheese. When eating always one should keep napkin to the left of the plate and never put it on the lap and after finishing eating at least leave some food in the plate. To show that you are through one should lay the knife and fork parallel on the plate, tines facing up with handles facing to the right. In Portugal, culturally there are no food taboos. However, for those who are Catholic religion affiliates they have some religious eating habits just like any other religious Catholic country (Schwabe, 1979) 4.2   Therapeutic uses of food and Home therapies Mediterranean diet consists of high intake of vegetable that helps to lower risk of colon cancer, hyperchoresterol and aids in management of diabetes. Also there is a liberal intake of vitamin C helps to boost immune system, increase dietary iron bioavaliabity and maintenance of endothelium membranes. Beta-carotene together with vitamin C acts as antioxidants that also reduce risks of cancer. Consumption of  Ã‚   vegetable oils particularly from olive oil provides in the diet Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) and Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA) which help to low risks associated with cardiovascular diseases. Wine have been suggested to have potential therapeutic effects due to the presence of   components such as flavonoids and other antioxidants responsible in   reducing risks associated with   heart diseases. Generally, alcohol has minimal therapeutic effects such as small increments of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) as well as reduction in blood coagulation. However, it should be note that there is no scientific proof that intake of wine or alcohol can replace conventional measures in cardiovascular management (http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422, 2008) The most common traditional used herbs in Portugal include fennel (Foeniciulum vulgare) mint (Mentha spicata), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), rosemary (Rosmarinus) and wild thyme (Thymus serppyllum). Mint has been used for a long time as herb in Portugal for its properties in treating stomach ache, chest problems and aiding digestion in form of herbal tea. Pennyroyal which a member of mint genus has been traditional used to treat flatulence, gum strengthener, a tumor remedy and a lung cleanser. Rosemary freash or dried leaves has been used frequently in traditional Mediterranean cuisine and as well as herb. It is traditionally used for management of respiratory problems such as colds and cough. Wild Thyme in Portugal has been generally used as herbal tea and also for seasoning food. Fennel is found in temperate regions in Europe and is a perennial herb. Portuguese for a long time have been using its seeds to relax intestine and manage bloating in form of herbal tea. 4.3   Portugal major holidays and dishes Portugal major holidays includes Liberty Day on every 25th of April, Labor Day on 1st May, Christmas Day on 25th, Epiphany on 6th January and New Year celebration. The major dishes during Christmas time are rice pudding (arroz doce) and salt cod (bacalhau) with olive oil potatoes, grains and cabbage. It is commonly accompanied by array of  Ã‚   rich desserts.   Also there are varieties of fried goodies offered as sweets, rabanadas which resembles French toast, rice pudding and sobremesas which are traditional Christmas pastries. Epiphany is a Christian feast day that celebrates revelation of God in human for in the person of Jesus Christ. Families gather to eat King   cake called ‘Bolo- Rie’ which is baked. During New Year celebration a similar but slightly unique cake that consists a candied fruit decorated goody is eaten. It contains two treaties; the prize and Feve bean. Whoever gets the latter is considered responsible to bring a cake next year. Apart from in these three holidays, no special meals are taken in other holidays such as Labor and Liberty day.   However, cod dish which can be prepared up to 365 different cooking ways is the national dish which can be found during these occasions. 5.0   Conclusion Portugal lies along the Atlantic coast of Iberian Pensula south west Europe with a long stretch of coastline. Their discoveries, trade and colonialization did made them to have enriched culture. Portuguese great explorations in the world were partly due to their long time developed sailing skill coupled with the need for accessing European markets and desire to make more conquests. Portuguese culture is conservative which is characterized with strong family ties, conformity to hierarchical relationship and strict etiquette and customs that are highly held with great care. Their food habits consist of Mediterranean dietary habits that exhibit high level of therapeutic effects particularly in management of cardiovascular diseases. The main characteristics of Mediterranean diet   includes,   high consumption of fruits and vegetables, widespread consumption of fish, use of olive oil in the diet and   tradition deep-frying as   a method of   cooking. Presently, shift in the diet pattern seem to be influenced by urbanization and level of education.

Racial Inequalities and Tension Essay -- Article Review

After centuries of fighting, protesting, and labor, the fight for equality seemed to reach a conclusion. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 brought an end to segregation and promoted full equal opportunities for not only African Americans but other ethnicities as well. America elected Barack Obama as its president, allowed certain months to represent cultural awareness, and immigration numbers augmented. However, regardless of the fact that the country becomes increasingly diverse by the day and heavy, racial social boundaries no longer exist, racism, prejudice, and stereotypes still exist. â€Å"The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line† (McQuade 391) says it the best; racial and ethnicity still remain underlying causes for conflicts and many other national issues as said in the text. Supporting its own claim, the text refers to the essay â€Å"This is how we lost to the white man† by Ta-Nehisi Coates to reemphasize the racial tensions and differe nces existing in today’s society. Combining researched articles and the text resources, strong evidence of racial inequality and tension still exists to this day. Coates’ article â€Å"This is how we lost to the white man† provides Bill Cosby’s viewpoint on the subordinate order of blacks to whites. Coates attended one of Cosby’s speeches at a small Detroit church and listened as he preached to the audience. More specifically, Cosby targeted African American males in his speech, due to the fact that a substantial amount of them abandoned their responsibilities as fathers. Cosby starts the speech by ensuring African American equality; he attempts to convince they crowd that â€Å"We are not a pitiful race of people† (447) and he spent the entirety of the speech convincing change. Cosb... ...cial motive in Tulsa killings - CNN.com." CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2012. . H. Ted Denney, et al. "White Privilege Awareness And Efficacy To Reduce Racial Inequality Improve White Americans' Attitudes Toward African Americans." Journal Of Social Issues 68.1 (2012): 11-27. Academic Search Premier. Web. 4 May 2012. McQuade, Donald, and Christine McQuade. Seeing & writing 4. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. Print. Takeuchi, Craig. "Reported hate crimes decline in Canada while studies explore roots of homophobia, racism." Straight.com: Vancouver's Online Source . N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2012. . Racial Inequalities and Tension Essay -- Article Review After centuries of fighting, protesting, and labor, the fight for equality seemed to reach a conclusion. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 brought an end to segregation and promoted full equal opportunities for not only African Americans but other ethnicities as well. America elected Barack Obama as its president, allowed certain months to represent cultural awareness, and immigration numbers augmented. However, regardless of the fact that the country becomes increasingly diverse by the day and heavy, racial social boundaries no longer exist, racism, prejudice, and stereotypes still exist. â€Å"The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line† (McQuade 391) says it the best; racial and ethnicity still remain underlying causes for conflicts and many other national issues as said in the text. Supporting its own claim, the text refers to the essay â€Å"This is how we lost to the white man† by Ta-Nehisi Coates to reemphasize the racial tensions and differe nces existing in today’s society. Combining researched articles and the text resources, strong evidence of racial inequality and tension still exists to this day. Coates’ article â€Å"This is how we lost to the white man† provides Bill Cosby’s viewpoint on the subordinate order of blacks to whites. Coates attended one of Cosby’s speeches at a small Detroit church and listened as he preached to the audience. More specifically, Cosby targeted African American males in his speech, due to the fact that a substantial amount of them abandoned their responsibilities as fathers. Cosby starts the speech by ensuring African American equality; he attempts to convince they crowd that â€Å"We are not a pitiful race of people† (447) and he spent the entirety of the speech convincing change. Cosb... ...cial motive in Tulsa killings - CNN.com." CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2012. . H. Ted Denney, et al. "White Privilege Awareness And Efficacy To Reduce Racial Inequality Improve White Americans' Attitudes Toward African Americans." Journal Of Social Issues 68.1 (2012): 11-27. Academic Search Premier. Web. 4 May 2012. McQuade, Donald, and Christine McQuade. Seeing & writing 4. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. Print. Takeuchi, Craig. "Reported hate crimes decline in Canada while studies explore roots of homophobia, racism." Straight.com: Vancouver's Online Source . N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2012. .

China as a Member of the TRIPs Agreement: on the Path of Implementation Essay

The multilateral trading system in the world has been governed by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) for more than 50 years . The GATT was commenced in 1947 . Its implementation became a powerful spur to advancement of world market due to promotion of free trade which contributes greatly to world economic growth and sustainable development. The World Trade Organization (WTO) became the successor of the GATT being established by the Uruguay Round – the last trade round launched more than fifteen years ago. It was â€Å"the most ambitious thus far, and some of its agreements are still being implemented†. Tariffs reduction had encompassed much more world economy sectors than during the previous rounds. The documents adopted by the Uruguay Round established that quantitative restrictions would be actually eliminated by 2005. The round has developed regulations of the international trade applying to areas being earlier outside of the adequate control or coped by week rules. Especially it concerns the trade–related intellectual property rights (TRIPs). In the course of the Uruguay round developing countries played a more active role than in previous rounds and adopted the same WTO agreements as other members â€Å"as part of the round’s single undertaking – nothing is agreed until everything is agreed†. To date the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement) seems to be the most universal international covenant on intellectual property rights (IPRs) regulation. It was â€Å"an integral part of the Agreement establishing the WTO, comprising Annexe 1C to that Agreement† and replenished the basic World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Conventions with essential liabilities in the framework of WTO subjects . This agreement implemented new rules presupposing both advantages and expenses for the participants of international markets. Its implementation undoubtedly constitutes a task far from being easy, especially for less developed countries. The TRIPs Agreement imposes certain obligations upon the latter to adopt legislation that protects patents for inventions. As one of the multilateral trade agreements, it is binding on all members and hence also a condition of membership for countries which have not yet joined the WTO. Such a condition is a significant one for countries seeking to join the WTO such as the People’s Republic of China. Here we will explore this country’s involvement into the process of adjusting its laws to conform to TRIPs, especially in the field of patents’ protection, evaluate its successes and faults on this path, consider the impact of those changes and make the conclusions concerning possible ways of acceleration and optimization of implementation process. The Obligations of the TRIPs Agreement Members The TRIPs Agreement came into effect in 1995. It entailed standards â€Å"concerning the availability, scope and use† of IPRs in all categories of intellectual property, namely copyright and related rights, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, layout-designs of integrated circuits, protection of undisclosed information . Article 27 (Part II Section 5) of the TRIPs deals with patentable subject matter, stating the spheres of patents’ availability in member countries (hereinafter referred to as a member): Patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application. [†¦] Patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced. The next article determines the exclusive rights which should be granted upon the patents issued in a member. It imposes on the member the obligation to forestall third parties from using neither the patented product nor the patented process anyhow without its owner’s permission. For his turn, the owner has the right to assign or transfer the patent. What is an important aspect for the developing countries, the member has to inquire the patent applicant about the information as to the applicant’s corresponding foreign applications and grants to prevent patents duplication. Exemption from such obligation in regards to cross–border use cover only very specified cases as for example those of â€Å"a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency or [†¦] of public non-commercial use† (Article 31 (b)) subject to prompt informing of the right holder. The competent authority of the member should have power to consider applying such exemption to certain cases and possible duration of the above mentioned circumstances. Officially permitted legitimacy of any decision relating to the permission of such use should be subject to judicial review or other independent review by the competent authority of the member. In cases when the permission to utilize the patent is obtained, the member is to provide the following prerequisites: (i) the invention claimed in the second patent shall involve an important technical advance of considerable economic significance in relation to the invention claimed in the first patent; (ii) the owner of the first patent shall be entitled to a cross-license on reasonable terms to use the invention claimed in the second patent; and (iii) the use authorized in respect of the first patent shall be non-assignable except with the assignment of the second patent (Article 31 (l)). Upon Article 32 the member has the obligation to make available the opportunity for legal review of any decision made on recalling or forfeiting the patent. In the TRIPS agreement there is a very accurate definition of duration of the patent’s protection – twenty years from the date of registration (Article 33).   In the cases of infringement of the patent owner’s rights as regards to patents for processes leading to generation of the product the agreement calls for the members to empower the corresponding legal authority to require the proved information about the difference between such process and those for manufacturing the identical product (Article 34). For the realization of the above concerned obligations the TRIPS agreement anticipates specified enforcement procedures which should be available in the members to strive against infringements of IPRs. Those include â€Å"expeditious remedies to prevent infringements and remedies which constitute a deterrent to further infringements† which are to be applied by means excluding â€Å"the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse (Article 41.1)†. The Developing Countries Advantages upon the TRIPs Agreement The main motives behind the move of the governments of many nations, and in particular, of developing countries, to enter the TRIPs Agreement had been, firstly, the fact of steady raising in developing countries’ exports of industrial goods into markets where earlier only developed countries were present which, in turn, made the latter to â€Å"rely more heavily on their comparative advantage in the production of intellectual property†; and, secondly, rather high expenditures involved by high–tech companies in different countries for research, innovation and development of know–how spurred them to try to find â€Å"international protection of intellectual property rights†. In general, the WTO agreements apply several instruments to make available some advantages to developing countries. Among them there are distinguishing of their interests without imposing any officially authorized obligations upon them; reducing their liabilities on some agreements in comparison with those of developed countries (which let them to protect their domestic markets more effectively). Some of the WTO agreements permit them longer implementation periods for certain obligations. In many WTO disciplines there are agreements encompassing provisions for technical assistance from developed countries to developing countries. All those are aimed at facilitation of transitional processes in the latter and giving them a chance to overtake the former. Like other parts of the WTO agreement, the TRIPs agreement grants the substantial preference to developing countries – they had four years for implementation of the agreement provisions (until the beginning of 2000), moreover this term became subject to prolongation to ten years (until 1 January 2005) for technology sectors where no previous IP protection accorded. The preferences for developing countries look adequate enough, and it is obvious that developing countries would derive benefit from implementation of efficient IPRs protection stipulated by the TRIPs agreement. Obtaining higher levels of intellectual property protection should lead to larger innovation globally from which all gain. It will stimulate attraction of more foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology transfer in view of increasing foreigners’ confidence in the products made in developing countries. But the process of implementation is costly too. The necessary costs of course vary depending on the member’s phase of development as well as its industry and technology basis. Where much innovation is informal, there are potential problems of access to, and affordability of, patent applications. Patent systems may be disproportionately expensive to set up and maintain. China’s Involvement into the TRIPs Agreement China is a unique country. It combines the features of both developed and developing countries. Evan Medeiros and Taylor Fravel emphasize that in this country evidence of the change abounds. They affirm â€Å"Chinese foreign policy has become [in the last ten years] far more nimble and engaging than at any time in history of the People’s Republic†. As for other developing countries the main concerns for China were limited coverage for products and processes, short terms of patents protection, wide scope for obligatory licensing, and inefficient enforcement in the cases of IPRs infringements. But last decades this country has been made giant steps to the progress. Few nations have changed as fast – or as dramatically – as China has since the 1970s. The world’s most populous nation has radically liberalized its economy and gone from producing low–quality and simple exports to sophisticated high–technology goods, while nurturing a vibrant private sector and attracting nearly $500 billion in foreign direct investment. After the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping came to power in the People’s Republic of China. Since that time fundamental changes launched in the country – an â€Å"open door† policy was proclaimed re-opening Chinese markets and allowing citizens to own limited private property. Further rush development was unbelievable. In 1979 China entered into the Agreement on Trade Relations with the USA which required both parties to provide each other’s nationals with a corresponding level of IPRs. In accordance with this agreement the country became a member of the WIPO in 1980 and acceded to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property in 1984. China also enacted a Trademark Law in 1982 and a Patent Law in 1984. Upon these regulations China provided authors and inventors with limited IPRs protection. As a final accord of this movement in 1995 China entered into the TRIPs Agreement with the USA. People’s Republic has committed itself, pursuant to this agreement, to raising the standards of intellectual property protection by means of implementation of enforcement measures and development of legal enforcement structure. The agreement envisaged expansion of US goods access to Chinese market and vice versa as well as certain changes in the IPRs protection legislation of China aimed to make it more transparent . Furthermore the country has patterned its IPR laws on international treaties: the Berne Convention and the World Trade Organization’s 1995 TRIPs Agreement. China acceded to the WTO on 11 December 2001. In order to ensure its accession to this organization, China preliminary ratified international intellectual property treaties and conventions and amended its laws. The Course of Implementation Despite of objective difficulties in implementation of IPRs legislation in China, the government succeeded greatly in the struggle against infringements of IPRs. Many laws adopted in 1980–1990s reinforced the system of these rights protection in all the categories: copyright, patent, trade secrets and trademark. For instance, as regards to patents protection, in 1993 China â€Å"extended coverage from fifteen to twenty years and also created the China Patent Management System (CPMS), a computerized system designed to handle patent applications more efficiently†. Besides China expanded patent envelopment to pharmaceutical industry that was excluded before. For instance, in 1997 CPMS â€Å"accepted 114,208 patent applications, including 24,137 from foreigners† . For many years before China became a WTO member, the state authority bodies such as police force and legal agencies had been vigorously striving against IPRs infringements especially piracy .   Beginning at 1982 China adopted many laws covering the field of IPRs protection, â€Å"such as the Trademark Law, Patent Law, Technology Contract Law, Copyright Law, Anti-Unfair Competition Law, and Regulations on Protection for Computer Software† . Notwithstanding the fact that China lacks long tradition for respect and protection of intellectual property , the progress of the country is doubtless. The Chinese government has recognized that to encourage technology transfer, there must be protection for technology. Such attitude resulted in adopting series of documents dealing with IPRs issues. Also the great importance of these issues led to the necessity to have qualified staff in patent law. Thus, now several of China’s top universities, including Tsinghua University in Beijing, have patent departments. Among the regulations adopted and amended last years there were documents regarding patents and licensing. On 28 December 2002, the State Council of China issued the Decree No. 368, modifying Article 101 and 108 of the Implementing Rules of the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China. Modifications only involved new provisions concerning the implementation of the patent cooperation treaty, i.e. that the time-limit for international applications entering into the phase for individual country consideration should be unified as 30 months upon the priority date. On 13 June 2003, the State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China (SIPO) issued the Methods of Compulsory Licensing for the Implementation of Patents, which came into effect on 15 July 2003. Patent Law of China was adopted much earlier – at the 4th Session of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People’s Congress on March 12, 1984, and further amended by the Decision Regarding the Revision of the Patent Law of China, adopted at the 27th Session of the Standing Committee on September 4, 1992. Recently the Patent Law was revised in August 2003. The Implementing Rules of the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China has been revised in June 2001 and December 2002. Such revisions have brought these laws and regulations into full conformity with the TRIPS Agreement. Wang Jingchuan, Commissioner of the SIPO, in his message said:   The creation, occupation and utilization of knowledge and intelligence resources, and quantity and quality in possession of intellectual property have become the key elements to the economic development of a country and the important foundation for countries’ participation into the competition of economic globalization and be in harmony of the world economy system. He stated that the IPRs system in China has been established and further improved last years. But much work has to be done in this field. He emphasized especially the importance of ensuring protection to interests of foreign patent applicants. In general, the main targets for the national patent work were defined by ‘Tenth Five–year Plan’. It anticipates further perfection of patent laws and regulations and patent protection scheme, further adaptation of patent procedure and maintenance system to the growth of international economy and socialist market economy, creation of environment favorable for patent protected goods and inventions as well as for technology innovation, raising the level of patent professionals’ skills and knowledge, upgrading of the patent protection level in enterprises and institutions, involvement of patented technologies to contribute to the economic growth, continuous increase of the number and quality of patent applications, updating of the patent information, acceleration and enhancement of the patent examination and granting. For achieving these targets it’s planned to facilitate the utilization of patent information resource, create and acquire more patent rights with authorization, create products and businesses with self-dependent intellectual property; pay much attention to patent work by SMEs while encouraging also corporations and business groups to acquire and transfer know–how. The task to speed up the industrialization of patent technology seems to be one of the most costly. For the purpose to enhance the patent work system the Plan anticipates supporting patent intermediate service agencies, implementing efficient examination and granting system and qualifying system for patent assets evaluation agencies and patent consultation service institutions etc. To create effective patent system China poses an assignment to complete the revision of rules and regulations including those for the implementation of the Chinese Patent Law and then make efforts to implement the revised patent law. Practical measures to facilitate patent examination include the increase of the number of the patent examiners, organization of supporting examiners group, intensification of professional training, and extension of the examiner’s inspection spheres, full involvement of information technology into patent procedures, strengthening of the examination of patent agencies and training of patent agents. The Plan stipulates reinforcement of the role of information systems and patent information resources in patent proceedings. For this purpose it’s scheduled to provide well-organized computer search system, examination supporting system, flow management system, e-filing system and e-publication system for the patent examination and granting work, realizing the paperless, electronic and network system of patent application, publication and examination procedures; to create China patent full text coded database using resources both from the country itself and abroad . Finally, the Plan anticipates reinforcement of the research on strategy, tactics and policy by means of establishment of intellectual property development research institutions, development of in-depth research on major patent issues, strengthening of the research on the patent protection of new technologies, such as computer software, nano–technology, gene engineering, biomedicine, biochips, biology engineering etc. Here also the importance of patent statistics analysis and prediction work is emphasizes . It is obvious that the government concentrates its efforts â€Å"on the implementation and enforcement of IPRs protection laws despite the difficulties faced by the Chinese authorities in a demographic, historical and cultural sense†. Now the reform and enforcement of law in the concerned field are more and more progressing. Groombridge ascertains that amplification of IPRs protection in China is for the most part the outcome of â€Å"indigenous social, economic, and political factors at work† in the country. He argues the pressure of â€Å"economic sanctions, such as those embodied in the trade laws of the United States† had no wholesome influence, and China has strived for more effective arrangements of IPRs due to â€Å"the changing perception of self-interest held by its Communist Party leaders and its citizenry† . In the course to fulfill the provisions of the TRIPs Agreement China has rebuilt its structure of legislative bodies responsible for regulation in the field of IPRs protection. The country set up a number of corresponding regulatory agencies: â€Å"the State Press and Publication Administration, the National Copyright Administration, the China Patent Office, and the State Administration of Industry and Commerce, in which the Trademark Office is located†. Also in 1998 the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) was established – the structure affiliated and directly subordinated to the State Council . A mission of all these bodies is to strengthen historically weak Chinese infrastructure of regulation, control and maintenance in IPRs compliance. Implementation of the TRIPs Agreement by the People’s Republic of China promises to become again the topic to analysis by the international community in 2008 in connection with the next Olympic Games which will be held in Beijing. Liu forecasts that owing to vast distribution of Olympic goods, audio– and video products â€Å"owners of IPRs will be seeking to protect their works from illegal reproduction and distribution by infringers†. He expresses belief that if the efforts undertaken by China â€Å"to reform and enforce its intellectual property laws [†¦] [will be] successful†, it would attract foreign investors to the country and promote know–how distribution here, which consequently should assist to go ahead to further economic development on the path to take leading positions in the world markets . Conclusions Experts note that having bolstered market power, TRIPs proves very weak especially on international regulation of the restrictive practices of the transnational corporations. It is true to say that the costs and benefits of IPRs are not so neatly distributed today. All the same, if the WTO is asking all countries to provide protection, it may still have to give something more in return. No doubt, China will increasingly regard itself as a great power and expect more defenses from other countries. In a speech two years ago President of the USA George Bush assured of his sympathy to the countries â€Å"that believe in the power of economic engagement to help solve the problems ranging from human rights to security matters†. China for sure is one of such countries demonstrating its aspiration for integration into the global economy . Nowadays we are witnessing the economic boom in this developing country. It is deserved outcome by the People’s Republic of China, as on its way to progress, in contrast to almost every other developing country, China has managed to eliminate the worst forms of social misery, and while denying the spirit, it displays spiritual values: in that underlies the paradox of Mao’s China. Having entered into the TRIPs agreement China pushed its trade policies behind the borders of the country, opened up its markets, and although experiencing certain difficulties in this agreement implementation, stays on the path of development. There is no doubt this immense country will proceed along this path successfully. There are no two ways about it. Bibliography â€Å"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights†. The World Trade Organization. 1 October 2004. http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.doc Arup, Christopher. The New World Trade Organization Agreements: Globalizing Law through Services and Intellectual Property. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press, 2000. â€Å"China and the WTO†. The World Trade Organization. 3 October 2004. http://www.wto.int/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm Groombridge, Mark. â€Å"The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in the People’s Republic of China†. In Intellectual Property Rights in Emerging Markets, edited by Clarisa Long. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 2000. 11–46. Hale, David, and Hale, Lyric. â€Å"China Takes Off†. Foreign Affairs Magazine 82.6 (November–December 2003): 36–53. Irwin, Douglas. â€Å"The GATT in Historical Perspective†. American Economic Review 85.2 (1995): 323–28. Jingchuan, Wang. â€Å"Commissioner’s Message†. State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China Web Site. 28 April 2002. 3 October 2004. http://www.sipo.gov.cn/ sipo_English/gysipo_e/jzzc/t20020428_33891.htm Liu, Vincent. â€Å"Copyright and Software Protection: Is It Working in China?†, The Computers and Law Journal 51 (March 2003). 2 October 2004. http://www.nswscl.org.au/ journal/51/Vincent_Liu.html â€Å"Main Targets and Tasks of the ‘Tenth Five-year Plan’ for National Patent Work†. State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China Web Site. 3 October 2004.http://www.sipo.gov.cn/SIPO/English2004/gysipo_e/fzgh/t20020430_33893.htm McGuirk, Anne. â€Å"The Doha Development Agenda†. Finance and Development Magazine 39 (September 2002): 5–9. Medeiros, Evan, and Fravel, Taylor, â€Å"China’s New Diplomacy†. Foreign Affairs Magazine 82.6 (November–December 2003): 23–35. Paglee, Charles D. Chinalaw Web – PRC Patent Law (1 May 1998). 3 October 2004. http:/ /www.qis.net/chinalaw/prclaw107.htm Roche, Douglas. What development is all about: China, Indonesia, Bangladesh. Toronto: NC Press Ltd., 1979. Rosen, Jeremy. â€Å"China, Emerging Economies, and the World Trade Order†, Duke Law Journal 46.6 (1997): 1519–64, 3 October 2004. http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/dlj/articles/ dlj46p1519.htm#H2N3 Shulin, Wu. â€Å"The Conditions of the Juridical and Administrative Protection of Copyright in China†. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 9.1 (1998): 241–247. State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China Web Site. 1 October 2004. http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo_English/flfg/default.htm Su, Evelyn. â€Å"The Winners and the Losers: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Its Effects on Developing Countries†. Houston Journal of International Law 23.1 (2000): 169–76. â€Å"The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)†. Legal Information Institute (USA) Web Site. 2 October 2004. http://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/ wipo_trips.htm â€Å"The WTO in Brief†. The World Trade Organization. 1 October 2004. http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/inbrief_e/inbr01_e.htm â€Å"Transitional Review Mechanism of China – Communication from China†. Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. The World Trade Organization Online Database. 4 October 2004. http://docsonline.wto.org/gen_search.asp Tsinghua University Web Site. 4 October 2004. http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng/ resources/index.htm. Yong-Shun, Cheng. â€Å"Juridical Protection of Intellectual Property in China†. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 9.1 (1998): 267–272. Yu, P. â€Å"From Pirates to Partners: Protecting Intellectual Property in China in the Twenty-First Century†. American University Law Review 50 (2003): 148-152. Yu, P. â€Å"Piracy, Prejudice, and Perspectives: An attempt to Use Shakespeare to Reconfigure the US-China Intellectual Property Debate†. Boston University Law Journal 19.1 (January 2001): 1-87.

Development of an industrialized, mechanized economy in the United States

Till the time of American Revolution, the American economy was basically a â€Å"colonial† economy, and worked for the benefit of — the mother country(Britain). With time the colonies resentment with the mother country grew and they breached their links much to the ire of the British Empire. The period that went by between the American Revolution and the Civil War witnessed the growth of a young national economy. Though it was still largely agricultural, the manufacturing and industrial sector was also coming up in a big way (complemented by the rise of a fledgling labor movement).Serious and vigorous economic and political competition among the sections (North, South, and West) was a primary force shaping the development of American politics. At the same time, the nation slowly developed the foundations of a unified national economic system.This consolidation of American economic life was driven by such technological developments as the invention of the steamboat, the railroad, and the telegraph; by the development of new economic enterprises (e.g. , railroad and telegraph systems) capitalizing on these technological advances; and by the linking of the nation's several regions through the construction of â€Å"internal improvements† such as canals and roads and toll bridges. The Union's possession of these economic advantages was a major factor in its victory over the Confederacy in the Civil War. After the Civil War was over, the United States was established as a major player in the world economy.The Development of infrastructure and new means of communication resulted in bonding the national economy together, and also making feasible the rise of great industrial enterprises. Education and political legal support also assisted the growth of these enterprises by the development of such forms of organization as the business corporation, the trust, and the holding company. But the labour movement in America also grew at a frantic pace in or der to protect their interests from the hands of capitalists and it can be said that largely the work force was dissatisfied at the treatment meted out to them.The labor movements initially forced the government to bring legislation protecting the interests of the worker but later during the 1920s and early 1930s an aggressively pro-business climate led either to the retrenchment or the abandonment of these efforts. The economy grew at a frantic pace in the 1920s but the lack of regulation and adequate safeguards led to monopolization that in result led to the Great Depression of 1929-1941. It led to a serious rethink on the part of the government and new rules were laid paving the way for a new relationship between the government and the economy as a whole.At first the government tried to control the unregulated economy. After that for a while in the two decades that followed American economy thrived like anything, and also paved the way for the new American middle class. The perio d since the late 1960s has demonstrated that the â€Å"American dream† of the 1950s and 1960s was short-lived. Two clusters of developments spelled the end of Americans' dreams of continuing economic and social prosperity: First, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a continuing climate of economic recession and industrial retrenchment led to the loss of thousands of jobs.Second, in the 1970s and early 1980s, American corporations seemed increasingly unable to compete with the industries and products of foreign competitors — specifically German and Japanese electronics and automobile manufacturers. In particular, the successful Japanese challenge to the primacy of the American automobile industry spelled economic disaster, not just for the â€Å"big three† auto manufacturers, but also for the dozens of industries (for example, steel) dependent on a healthy domestic automobile industry.In the 1980s, many Americans believed that the â€Å"malaise† of the 1970 s was at an end. But the 1980s was an era of feverish economic â€Å"growth† based not on the real flowering of productive industry but on the ever-more-frantic manipulations of corporate takeovers and stock manipulation. The goals of free trade have also been furthered since World War II by US participation in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).With the formation in 1995 of the World Trade Organization (WTO), most-favored-nation policies were expanded to trade in services and other areas. In 1993, Congress approved the North American Free Trade Agreement, which extended the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the United States to include Mexico. NAFTA, by eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers, created a free trade zone with a combined market size of $6. 5 trillion and 370 million consumers. The effect on employment was uncertain—estimates varied from a loss of 150,000 jobs over the ne xt ten years to a net gain of 200,000.Labor intensive goods-producing industries, such as apparel and textiles, were expected to suffer, while it was predicted that capital goods industries would benefit. It was anticipated that US automakers would benefit in the short run by taking advantage of the low wages in Mexico and that US grain farmers and the US banking, financial, and telecommunications sectors would gain enormous new markets. As of 2003, the pros and cons of NAFTA were still being hotly debated.Spokespersons for organized labor claimed in 2000 that the agreement had resulted in a net loss of 420,000 jobs, while advocates of free trade insisted that 311,000 new jobs had been created to support record US exports to Canada and Mexico, with only 116,000 workers displaced—a net gain of 195,000 jobs. In 2003, President George W. Bush introduced, and Congress passed a tax cut of $350 billion designed to stimulate the economy, which was in a period of slow growth. This ca me on the heels of a $1. 35 trillion tax cut passed in 2001 and a $96 billion stimulus package in 2002.Democrats cited the loss of 2.7 million private sector jobs during the first three years of the Bush administration as evidence that the president did not have control over the economy. In 1998, for the first time since 1969, the federal budget closed the fiscal year with a surplus. In 2000, the government was running a surplus of $236 billion, or a projected $5. 6 trillion over 10 years. By mid-2003, the federal budget had fallen into deficit; the deficit stood at $455 billion, which was4. 2% of gross domestic product (GDP). Congress was debating an overhaul of the Medicare program, to provide prescription drug coverage for the elderly and disabled. WORKS CITEDhttp://www.eduref.org/Virtual/Lessons/crossroads/sec5/Introduction/g_economy.htmlhttp://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/United-States-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html

Managerial Exercise 2 Essays - International Trade, Free Essays

Managerial Exercise 2 Essays - International Trade, Free Essays Name: Muhammad Adeel Qayum Shaikh Managerial Exercise 2 The Asian country of Tamoa imports large quantities of down pillows each year. DownPillow, a US company, would like to do more business there, but it has a problem. Tamoa has a large number of regulations affecting importation and the sale of down bedding. After reading the following five regulations, evaluate their legality and their impact on DownPillow. What course of action should DownPillow take? 1.Pillows made from down harvested from Tamoan flocks may be labeled as goose down even though they contain up to 25 percent duck down, (Down is taken from both geese and ducks, but duck down is considered inferior). If the pillow is made from foreign down, then a pillow labelled goose down may contain no more than 5 percent duck down. US regulations recognize that geese and ducks often get plucked together and therefore permit goose down to contain up to 10 percent down duck. DownPillow believes the 10 percent tolerance is reasonable, but given farming methods in most countries it is not possible to sort out the geese and the ducks any better than that. Tamoa believes that the stricter standard for imported pillows is justified to protect Tamoan consumers from fraud, and because Tamoan farmers do not raise any ducks, the 25 percent domestic standard is irrelevant anyway. Ans: DownPillow should look at procurement rules that protect foreign firms from government favoring domestic producers. They can ask the USTR to present the case to WTO if the domestic standard is irrelevant. Also, the MFA agreement can work in DownPillows favor to get restrictions reduced. 2.Tamoa also requires that the cotton coverings of all pillows be certified to meet certain ecology and human health standards for textiles, they may not contain any harmful chemicals such as chlorine, and they must be tested to minimum standards set by the International Organization for Standardization. Certifications are accepted from testing labortaries in any country. US regulations dont require certification. Ans; According to the principle of less restrictive trade, these regulations may not be used more than necessary, and unless they are trade neutral. DownPillow can also bring the WTO agreement on Sanitary and Unsanitary restrictions into light that do not allow imposing of such standards if they restrict trade. 3.All pillow imports must be inspected on arrival in Tamoa. No inspects are permitted at the foreign factory. Taomoa has one inspector who must remove down from at least three pillows from every shipment and subject it to laboratory analysis. Given the current backlog, inspections are taking up to 4 weeks, during which pillows can be damaged by humid weather. Ans: This certainly makes DownPillow suffer a loss. They should bring the WTO agreements on notice that do not allow such inspection to take place if it is making imports too restrictive. 4.Tamoan restrictions also require DownPillows plant to be inspected, and the sterilization process to be approved by officials. In the US, the down is sanitized and washed, and subjected to hot air. But the Tamoan ministry refused to accept sterilization permits, and approvals from state health department in the US. Tamoa doesnt pay the overseas travel expenses of its inspectors. Ans: This violates the fair trade practices and agreements such as the MFA. Tamoas exports to the US will suffer if they continue this practice. According to fair trade rules set by the WTO, the sterilization process can be relaxed and permits by the US health department can be accepted if trade is being harmed. 5.Tamoan regulations prohibit pillows and comforters from being vacuum packed and compressed for shipment to ensure the down is not damaged in the shipment. DownPillow ships smaller orders by air freight and larger orders by ocean container. Ans. DownPillow can envoke the clause of the WTO that prohibiting these two items from being compressed or vacuum packed prevents damage to them, as the WTO doesnt encourage such policies unless they are backed by scientific evidence.

6

6 Introduction Some of the most interesting aspects of child development are the biosocial, cognitive and psychological development.Reading these aspects can be interesting, especially if you have a child who is still developing. In order to understand these aspects fully, scientists have come up with numerous theories to explain the development stages right from birth to adulthood.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on 6-year-old childs biosocial, cognitive and psychosocial development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although some people have widely criticized some of the theories, the truth of the matter is they address the various development stages we take the general based model to address the biosocial, cognitive, and psychological development of a six-year-old child. In trying to address these three paramount issues, the paper takes note of the extensive variations in what very many child development experts con sider as â€Å"normal†. Some of the factors behind child development include family, cognitive, educational, and genetic. Depending on the suitability of these factors, children will reach certain stages at different times. However, this paper discusses development stages of a normal six-year-old child. This is simply because every child is unique and therefore, the development stages can vary with time and other factors (Rollercoaster, 2012, p.1). Six-year-old child In very many developed countries, six-year-old kids are conversant with school and kindergarten related activities. In other words, a child develops aggression towards independence in this year. However, the idea to separate from their parents is not something that they are in apposition to do no matter how independent they want to be. These kids are taking steps towards discovering the world they found themselves in some years ago. The truth of the matter is that not all six-year-old children share similar abili ties and development traits. They can actually vary form one child to another due to their uniqueness. At this age, the kids have different preferences, experiences, and each one of them is capable of things in certain ways. This is the reason why their abilities are not the same. Although each kid is unique, we assume a general milestone in addressing the similarities in the development stages of all six-year-old kids (Ruben, Fein Vandenberg, 1983, pp. 690-698). As seen above, one of the most significant things to note about six-year-old kids id their increased aggression towards routines and independence. This does not necessarily mean that they want to leave their parents and become independent. In most cases, these kids spend most of their time in school, and away from their parents. In school, these kids participate in various activities, sometimes on their own. Sometimes, they can form groups and play together, or attend parties of their friends. Six-year-old kids also experi ence physical development.Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the motor skills and the coordination are likely to develop as compared to the rest. Additionally, this is the age when most children develop athletic abilities. You will find many of them playing or running around. The growth rate will vary form one child to another, and that is the main reason why their heights will vary to a certain extent. Experts also argue that six-year-old children always feel insecure when they are far away from the parents or their homes. They therefore crave for relieve and security either at home or from their parents. Other theories also depict that six-year-old children tend to experience an incredible learning augmentation once they enter kindergarten and start handling intricate materials. This is the period they start learning how to read, and some basic math, art, science and history solving skills will start develop (Higgins Parsons, 1983, pp.15-66). Biosocial development The biosocial development of a six-year-old child is also active at this particular age. In most cases, the child starts to develop interaction and other social skills. Friends It is quite amusing to note that these kids tend to emphasis relationships with people outside their homes, for example, teachers and pupils. Even as their aggression towards independence continues, these kids also tend to focus in other areas like forming very many fiends comprising of peers, teachers, and maybe other parents. As time goes by, they find that social interactions with the peers, friends or other people outside the family are complex. Nevertheless, this does not stop them from interacting, as they become increasingly aware on what to do with such friendships. Another positive thing to note about these kids is that at this age, they understand rules better, and majority of them want t o make sure that their friends follow the rules. For instance, if they are playing, they aggravate for organized games, which are devoid of controversy. You will find them forming teams to play each other a soccer match. Gender is also important here. Those of the same gender would always want to play together, and one kid would choose another as the â€Å"best friend†. However, it is imperative for parents to watch the biosocial developments of the six-year-old child lest they develop abnormal behaviors such as hounding, cliques, and banishing others. Otherwise, this is the age when a kid navigates from one relationship to another hoping to find security and comfort (Ruben, Fein Vandenberg, 1983, pp. 702-734). Morals and rules At six years of age, a child becomes increasingly aware of what is right and wrong. You will find many of them reporting or even summoning those who are not doing the right thing. At this age, break-ups among close friends are so common, but the goodn ess is they do not last for long, and you will find them becoming friends almost immediately.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on 6-year-old childs biosocial, cognitive and psychosocial development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Giving, Sharing and Empathy Having acquired a good number of friends and now playing together, six-year-old kids always like sharing some of the things they own for example, snacks and toys. The truth of the matter is that there is rivalry and scuffling towards picking the best-looking toy or taking many snacks, but as we have seen above, they forget their differences easily. In fact, they can work out their conflicts without the involvement of a teacher or a parent. Perhaps one major thing to note about six-year-old kids is that they are too egotistical, and therefore they need tender support for them to learn the other side of life (Parten, 1932, pp. 243-269). Cognitive development As w e have seen above, six-year-old children have developed learning skills and therefore they are now reedy to enter school. At this age, they could be in kindergarten or in a nursery school. In school, they find a new world that is much different from that in their homes. Story telling, allotment, practical activities, and designing become so common, even as they embark on a journey of discovering what is in the books. They are now ready to learn new skills such as decoding words due to the developed phonemic awareness. Their attention span begins to lengthen, and they become familiar with intricate projects and assignments assigned to them both at schools and home (Parkhurst Asher, 1992, pp. 231-241). Reading and Writing This is the right age when children start learning how to read. In some cases, majority of the children of this age even begin to read on their own. Amazingly, some of them can even begin to write short stories (one paragraph) about their family, friends, or vacatio ns. They are able to identify some words and with time, they break their sound. Since they are still developing cognitively, with time, they become conversant with many vocabularies, and they can spell some words correctly. Children of this age can also identify punctuation marks, and apply capitalization in the sentences they construct. They also like reading simple stories about animals and monsters. Notably, after reading the story, they can re-tell it. Numbers and Math Six-year-old kids can count numbers much easier than they were in a year or two ago. Even as their cognitive skills increase, they will start mastering even higher numbers. Using sticks or other materials, they can add and subtract numbers in a given problem. They enjoy solving puzzles as well (Hagen, (1972, pp.66-78).Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Concepts Six-year-old kids are good in mastering concepts. For example, they can read the time, and tell all days of the week. By this age, they can say more about the world, name some towns, and even state the day’s weather conditions. We can say that at this age, they are able to differentiate between real and imaginary things. Psychological Development Six-year-old children are also developing psychologically. However, this type of development is in most cases characterized by contradictions. For instance, although they want to be independent, they also feel insecure and would always want to be at home with their parents. Emotional Awareness At this age, this kids experience emotions. Although they are a bit conversant on what to say, they are able to read the emotions of other people. They also remain careful in uttering some critical words so that they do not offend others. Confidence and Insecurity Since they are involved in various activities both at home and school, t hey always crave for recognition and praise. In a way, this boosts their confidence. Parents should also be instrumental in teaching them the lines of confidence. When they feel insecure, they should be encouraged, and it is paramount to mention that these kids dislike criticisms and other negative admonishments. All they need is reaffirming assurance and understanding on the part of friends and parents. Inflexibility and Preferences Six-year-old kids always prefer to do things according to their way. If this does not happen, then they feel dejected. To them some things are good and some are bad. However, parents can educate them on what is good and bad (Rollercoaster, 2012, p.1). Privacy At six years of age, children crave for some form of privacy. For instance, when they are dressing, they hide and they do not want anybody to see them. They also discourage the idea of bathing in front of their parents as well. Astonishingly, these children are also curious, as they want to discove r their gender and sex. They may also start questioning their parents the origin of babies. Reference List Hagen, J. W. (1972). Strategies for remembering. New York: Academic Press. Higgins, E.T. Parsons, J.E. (1983). Social cognition and the social life of the child:  Stages as sub-cultures. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Parkhurst, J.T. Asher, S.R. (1992).Peer rejection in middle school: Subgroup differences in behavior, loneliness, and interpersonal concerns. Developmental Psychology, 28(1), 231–241. Parten, M. (1932). Social participation among preschool children.  Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 27, 243–269. Rollercoaster. (2012). Stages of Development. Web. Ruben, K. H., Fein, G. G., Vandenberg, B. (1983). Socialization, personality, and  social development. (4th ed.). New York: Wiley and Sons.